The Regional Mesonet Program (RMP) produces Soil Temperature maps at 2-inch and 4-inch depth for both bare soil and sod for the Midwest region. Begun in 2013, the RMP piloted this mosaic-style concept with soil temperature data from around the region. Soil temperature is not a common parameter measured at most national data collection networks ... An easy way to find a nine-digit ZIP code is to go to USPS.com and search for the desired address in the Look Up a ZIP Code tool. The link for this tool can be found in the Quick T...Look Up a ZIP Code ™. Look Up a ZIP Code. ™. Enter a corporate or residential street address, city, and state to see a specific ZIP Code ™. Enter city and state to see all the ZIP Codes ™ for that city. Enter a ZIP Code ™ to see the cities it covers.When planting seeds or seedlings in your yard or garden, the temperature of the soil must be within the recommended range for the plant to grow. While the air may feel warm, the soil can still be cold from the winter. To measure the temperature of the soil, use an instant-read thermometer made for cooking. Push the thermometer’s probe as deep ...61.5°F. 75.0°F. 51.6°F. 58.6°F. -. Soil temperatures are taken at 4 inches below the soil surface under bare soil. The locations listed in this table are more specific than the table used prior to March 1, 2017. We have included the former location names (AKA=also known as) for your convenience in locating previous sites.University of Georgia Weather Network . Home; Maps and Summary. Current Maps. Air Temperature; Atm Pressure; Dew Point; ... Enter a GA ZIP Code to check three nearest stations. 4 Inch Soil Temperature (°F) Station Number: Station Name: Apr-11: Apr-12: Apr-13: Apr-14: Apr-15: Apr-16: Apr-17: Average: 1: AlapahaDec 29, 2021 ... Global Change Biology is an environmental change journal tackling issues such as sustainability, climate change and environmental ...Adobe. Miller said ideal soil temperatures for planting vegetables can start as low as 50 degrees Fahrenheit. However, for warm-weather plants, including tomatoes and peppers, gardeners should ...The data shown here were obtained by aggregating current USDA-NCSS soil survey data (SSURGO back-filled with STATSGO where SSURGO is not available) within 800m grid cells. This data aggregation technique results in maps that may not match the original data at any given point, and is intended to depict regional trends in soil properties at the ...Nearest Stations. Enter a GA ZIP Code to check three nearest stations.The 1-day Average 2-inch Soil Temperature map displays the 24-hour-averaged soil temperature (degrees F) at 2 inches (5 cm) under the existing vegetative cover at each Mesonet site for the previous day. This map is updated each day between 7 and 8 AM. 120 David L. Boren Blvd., Suite 2900 Norman, OK 73072Soil Temperature, Soil Moisture. Minnesota Ground Frost Study (PDF) (Dan Pokorny - St. Cloud State, 1993) Average Date of Initial Soil Freeze. Spring Soil Temperatures (PDF) (Climate of Minnesota Series Part - IV, 1966) Calculated and Measured Air and Soil Freeze-Thaw Frequencies. opens in a new browser tab. (Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1995)If you’re tired of spending a fortune on gas every month, you’re not alone. With fuel prices constantly fluctuating, finding the cheapest gas in your zip code can save you a signif...Daily soil temperatures at 5-, 15-, 50-, and 100-cm depths and maximum air temperature in 2019 in (A) Platteville, WI, and (B) Vernon, TX. Note the greater disparity in temperatures with increasing depth associated with the cooler climate in Wisconsin compared to Texas. Soil temperature is also affected by ground cover.The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is the standard by which gardeners and growers can determine which perennial plants are most likely to thrive at a location. The map is based on the average annual extreme minimum winter temperature, displayed as 10-degree F zones and 5-degree F half zones. A broadband internet connection is recommended for the ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Syngenta GreenCast Soil Temperature Maps. Certain insects, weeds and diseases thrive in certain soil temperatures. Having updated information about your local soil temperature and the pests common to your area can help you prevent and treat for optimal turfgrass quality. Visit GreenCast Soil Temperature Maps.The USDA Hardiness Zone Map divides North America into 11 separate planting zones; each growing zone is 10°F warmer (or colder) in an average winter than the adjacent zone. If you see a hardiness zone in a gardening catalog or plant description, chances are it refers to this USDA map. To find your USDA Hardiness Zone, enter your zip code or ...Soil temperatures under other ground covers or under bare ground will vary somewhat from those shown here. More information on soil temperatures, including current conditions can be found on the WARM site. Table 1. Average soil temperature at 4 and 8 inches at each site. 4-Inch Depth 8-Inch Depth; Belleville: Plot: Plot ...Here are the temperatures needed for growing vegetables: • Cool-weather vegetables require a minimum average soil temperature of 40° to 50°F (4-10°C) for planting, and an average air temperature range of 60° to 85°F/15-29°C (optimal is 70°F/21°C) for sustained growth. The maximum air temperature for cool-weather crop productivity is ...Nearest Stations. Enter a GA ZIP Code to check three nearest stations.Young plants, however, are sensitive to direct sunlight and need to be placed in partial shade during development. Temperature affects the rate of seed metabolism and most have a temperature range within which they germinate. The optimal temperature is between 70 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit or 21 to 26 degrees Celsius.The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is the standard by which gardeners and growers can determine which perennial plants are most likely to thrive at a location. The map is based on the average annual extreme minimum winter temperature, displayed as 10-degree F zones and 5-degree F half zones. A broadband internet connection is recommended for the ...Soil temperatures, taken at 4 inches below bare soil, are reported daily in CropWatch in both maps and in a table for multiple locations in Nebraska.ArcGIS Web ApplicationYoung plants, however, are sensitive to direct sunlight and need to be placed in partial shade during development. Temperature affects the rate of seed metabolism and most have a temperature range within which they germinate. The optimal temperature is between 70 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit or 21 to 26 degrees Celsius.5 days ago · Soil Temperatures. Hover over a thumbnail to change the large map. or click to view at full-size. Northwest Soil Temperatures. Northcentral Soil Temperatures. Northeast Soil Temperatures. Southwest Soil Temperatures. There are many situations where you can find yourself needing to look up a ZIP code. Maybe you’re trying to mail a letter but only have the recipient’s street address. Perhaps you’...August 17, 2022 by TechieScience Core SME. Soil temperature profiles refer to the measurement and analysis of temperature variations within the soil at different depths. Understanding soil temperature profiles is crucial for various applications, including agriculture, environmental monitoring, and geotechnical engineering.Southern Research and Outreach Center 35838 120th Street Waseca, MN 56093-4521. Phone: 507-835-3620 Fax: 507-835-3622 [email protected]Daily soil temperatures at 5-, 15-, 50-, and 100-cm depths and maximum air temperature in 2019 in (A) Platteville, WI, and (B) Vernon, TX. Note the greater disparity in temperatures with increasing depth associated with the cooler climate in Wisconsin compared to Texas. Soil temperature is also affected by ground cover.Current Soil Temperature, Depth (Inches) = 2 | 4 | 8 | 20 | 40 Tribal SCAN Various tribes operate a soil moisture and climate information network on Tribal lands, in cooperation with NRCS.The crabgrass preemergence model uses GDD (base 32 degrees Fahrenheit) to indirectly measure soil temperatures in a turf situation (enter your zip code under the map and then click on “Crabgrass PRE”). The GDD model attempts to predict the optimum application timing for when the 0-2 inch depth soil temperatures consistently …Minimum Overnight Temperature. Estimates minimum overnight temperature using Brunt Equation, and sunset air and dew point temperatures. Last Night's Minimum Temperature Estimates. Station Est. Min T air ° F ... Soil @ -10cm {soilTemp10cmF} °F: Rainfall {rainFall2mInch} in: Wind Dir @ 10mSoil Temperature Maps. Daily Soil Moisture. Crop Moisture Index. Palmer Drought Index. Precipitation To Bring DPO to -.5. Seasonal US Drought Outlook. US Drought Monitor. Soil Moisture Trend Analysis USDA Topsoil Moisture Percent of State Area. Soil Moisture Trend Analysis Daily Soil Anomaly.Below are a host of resources available to Missouri farmers to help them. Missouri Crop Resource Guide. A service of the University of Missouri. Missouri Radar. Provided by Intellicast. Missouri 2-inch Soil Temperatures. Updated daily by the University of Missouri Extension Commercial Agriculture Weather Network. Missouri 6-inch Soil Temperatures.Oct 31, 2019 · Soil Temperature. The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some definite temperature scale. Definition source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Earth Observing System Data and Information System is a key core capability in NASA’s Earth Science Data Systems Program. It provides end-to-end capabilities for ... The swing in daily warming and cooling cycles of soils gets smaller the farther down you go in the soil profile. By the time you reach 40 inches, you really can’t see any daily cycle at all. At that soil depth, temperatures can swing about 25 degrees seasonally from winter to summer in Indiana, but hardly at all during any given day. NRCS has soil maps and data available online for more than 95 percent of the nation’s counties and anticipates having 100 percent in the near future. The site is updated and maintained online as the single authoritative source of soil survey information. Soil surveys can be used for general farm, local, and wider area planning. Soil Temperature, Soil Moisture. Minnesota Ground Frost Study (PDF) (Dan Pokorny - St. Cloud State, 1993); Average Date of Initial Soil Freeze · Spring Soil ...What was the temperature over the last few weeks? ... Enter the ZIP code of interest as the ... The SMAP/GLOBE Partnership: Citizen Scientists Measure Soil Moisture.If you’re an avid gardener or someone who simply enjoys spending time outdoors, knowing your planting zone can be incredibly helpful. Before we delve into how to find your planting...NJ Statewide Precipitation (6 Hour Loop) Relative Humidity. Soil Water Content. Evapotranspiration. NJ Statewide Soil Temperatures (10cm) NJ Statewide Soil Temperatures (20cm) NJ Statewide Soil Temperatures (50cm) NJ Statewide Soil Water Content (Volumetric Fraction, 10cm depth)To find the Plant Hardiness Zone at your location quickly, enter your zip code in the Quick Zip Code Search box in the map above, or click anywhere on the map to view the …Check out Greencast - it gives average soil temps for your zip code. But yeah other than that a cheap instant-read thermometer is all that is needed. Aim to get the probe tip about 2" deep.At less than 4 inches deep, soil temperatures can vary just as fast as the air temperature, because there isn’t much of a soil layer between that soil depth and the surface of the soil. ... Enter a zip code to see the weather conditions for a different location. Editor's Choice. FP Next: A farm dog is a farmer’s best friend. May 14, 2024 ...Are you in the market for a new cable service provider? With so many options available, it can be overwhelming to choose the right one. One important factor to consider is the avai...Soil probes were used at each of four locations and at the Mendon station that recorded the high and low temperatures each day. All probes were reading within 1 degree Fahrenheit of each other prior to …2024 might be the year that if you blinked you missed winter. We've already experienced some very unseasonably warm weather in February with temperatures in the 60's. Temperatures are remaining relatively mild but I wouldn't be surprised if winter resurfaced yet as we move through the rest of February and March.Nearest Stations. Enter a GA ZIP Code to check three nearest stations. Average Soil Temperature Calculator. Choose a station :Alapaha Albany Alma Alpharetta Alto Arabi Arlington Attapulgus Ball Ground Baxley Blairsville Blue Ridge Butler Byromville Byron Cairo Calhoun Camilla Clarks Hill-SC Cordele Covington Dahlonega ...Weather. Soil Temperature. Current Soil Temperature. 2-inch Soil Temperature. 4-inch Soil Temperature. 4-inch Bare Soil Temperature. 10-inch Soil Temperature. 24-inch …University of Georgia Weather Network . Home; Maps and Summary. Current Maps. Air Temperature; Atm Pressure; Dew Point; Precipitation; ... Enter a GA ZIP Code to check three nearest stations. Thurmond Dam and Lake Clarks Hill-SC, McCormick County, South Carolina ... 2 Inch Soil: 78.4 °F: 4 Inch Soil: 75.5 °F: 8 Inch Soil: 72.7 °F: Soil ...Soil Temperature, Soil Moisture. Minnesota Ground Frost Study (PDF) (Dan Pokorny - St. Cloud State, 1993) Average Date of Initial Soil Freeze. Spring Soil Temperatures (PDF) (Climate of Minnesota Series Part - IV, 1966) Calculated and Measured Air and Soil Freeze-Thaw Frequencies. opens in a new browser tab. (Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1995)Soil Temperature. The degree of hotness or coldness of the soil as measured on some definite temperature scale. Definition source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Earth Observing System Data and Information System is a key core capability in NASA’s Earth Science Data Systems Program. It provides end-to-end capabilities for ...877-4-BURRUS [email protected]. Burrus Arenzville. 826 Arenzville Road Arenzville, IL 62611. Burrus Jacksonville. 200 Capitol Way Jacksonville, IL 62650Gas prices are a topic of interest for many individuals, especially those who commute regularly or rely on vehicles for their daily activities. It’s not uncommon to wonder why gas ... Enter a GA ZIP Code to check three nearest stations. 4 Inch Soil Temperature (°F) Station Number: Station Name: Apr-11: Apr-12: Apr-13: Apr-14 Syngenta is proud to partner with the lawn care industry in providing the lush, green lawns your customers want. We combine our optimized product formulations, cutting-edge programs, technical expertise and tools like soil temperature maps to offer you dedicated support for creating and maintaining beautiful, healthy lawns.Southwest Soil Temperatures: Southcentral Soil Temperatures: Southeast Soil Temperatures: DTN Weather: Local Weather Radar County Forecast State Forecast DTN Weather Commentary US Satellite Current Surface Analysis Wind Conditions Today's Forecast Highs Tonight's Forecast Lows 24 Hr Surface ForecastAn easy way to find a nine-digit ZIP code is to go to USPS.com and search for the desired address in the Look Up a ZIP Code tool. The link for this tool can be found in the Quick T...Look Up a ZIP Code ™. Look Up a ZIP Code. ™. Enter a corporate or residential street address, city, and state to see a specific ZIP Code ™. Enter city and state to see all the ZIP Codes ™ for that city. Enter a ZIP Code ™ to see the cities it covers.Apr 18, 2024 · Adobe. Miller said ideal soil temperatures for planting vegetables can start as low as 50 degrees Fahrenheit. However, for warm-weather plants, including tomatoes and peppers, gardeners should ... Soil Temperature App lets you search by city, street, zip code or nearby landmark to get detailed soil temperature and moisture data for any location on earth. The data come from Open-Meteo, a global weather API that uses forecasting data from various national weather services.Accessibility | Affirmative action policy | Site terms of use | Privacy policy | Careers | Minnesota.gov: Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA), 625 Robert Street ...Aug 27, 2018 · Syngenta GreenCast Soil Temperature Maps. Certain insects, weeds and diseases thrive in certain soil temperatures. Having updated information about your local soil temperature and the pests common to your area can help you prevent and treat for optimal turfgrass quality. Visit GreenCast Soil Temperature Maps. Average Soil Moisture in Greensboro, NC (27409): View the soil moisture map for your area to help you grow and maintain healthly turf.Enter a GA ZIP Code to check three nearest stations. Average Soil Temperature (°F) at 2 inches for May-12. Average Soil Temperature (°F) at 4 inches for May-12. Average Soil Temperature (°F) at 8 inches for May-12. [ Atmospheric Pressure ] [ Dew Point Temperature ] [ Evapotranspiration ] [ Precipitation ] [ Relative Humidity ] [ Soil ...Soil Temperature, Soil Moisture. Minnesota Ground Frost Study (PDF) (Dan Pokorny - St. Cloud State, 1993) Average Date of Initial Soil Freeze. Spring Soil Temperatures (PDF) (Climate of Minnesota Series Part - IV, 1966) Calculated and Measured Air and Soil Freeze-Thaw Frequencies. opens in a new browser tab. (Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1995)Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors ...Find soil temperature and moisture estimates for any location on earth using Open-Meteo weather API. Search by city, street, zip code or nearby landmark and view forecast and …NRCS has soil maps and data available online for more than 95 percent of the nation’s counties and anticipates having 100 percent in the near future. The site is updated and maintained online as the single authoritative source of soil survey information. Soil surveys can be used for general farm, local, and wider area planning.SCAN stations monitor and report soil moisture, soil temperature, and other climate data at over 200 sites across the U.S. More recently, the Tribal Soil Climate Analysis Network (Tribal SCAN) was developed to serve Tribal lands throughout the U.S. SCAN and TSCAN data are also incorporated into the Water and Climate Information System. ...The growing season can be approximated as the period of time between the average date of the last killing frost in the spring to the average date of the first killing frost in the fall. This represents a temperature threshold of 28 degrees F or lower at a frequency of 5 years in 10. The growing season length is determined from daily minimum ...Enter a GA ZIP Code to check three nearest stations. Average Soil Temperature (°F) at 2 inches for May-12. Average Soil Temperature (°F) at 4 inches for May-12. Average Soil Temperature (°F) at 8 inches for May-12. [ Atmospheric Pressure ] [ Dew Point Temperature ] [ Evapotranspiration ] [ Precipitation ] [ Relative Humidity ] [ Soil ...Aug 27, 2018 · Syngenta GreenCast Soil Temperature Maps. Certain insects, weeds and diseases thrive in certain soil temperatures. Having updated information about your local soil temperature and the pests common to your area can help you prevent and treat for optimal turfgrass quality. Visit GreenCast Soil Temperature Maps. Dec 8, 2023 · Enter a GA ZIP Code to check three nearest stations. Average Soil Temperature Calculator. Choose a station : From: To: US Metric. University of Georgia Weather Network. University of Georgia Weather Network . Home; Maps and Summary. Current Maps. Air Temperature; Atm Pressure; Dew Point; ... Enter a GA ZIP Code to check three nearest stations. 4 Inch Soil Temperature (°F) in Peanut Producing Regions. Station Name: May-5: May-6: May-7: May-8: May-9: May-10: May-11: Average: Alapaha: 77.4:Southwest Soil Temperatures: Southcentral Soil Temperatures: Southeast Soil Temperatures: DTN Weather: Local Weather Radar County Forecast State Forecast DTN Weather Commentary US Satellite Current Surface Analysis Wind Conditions Today's Forecast Highs Tonight's Forecast Lows 24 Hr Surface ForecastCustomize Your Weather. Set Your Location: Enter City and State or Zip Code. Submit. Food; Upstate NY bakery foodies rave about is a James Beard Award finalist. Updated: …When you need to pinpoint a physical address on your GPS, modern devices tend to be very good at determining the location you want based on proximity to your current position or th...Accessibility | Affirmative action policy | Site terms of use | Privacy policy | Careers | Minnesota.gov: Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA), 625 Robert Street ...Southwest Soil Temperatures: Southcentral Soil Temperatures: Southeast Soil Temperatures: DTN Weather: Local Weather Radar County Forecast State Forecast DTN Weather Commentary US Satellite Current Surface Analysis Wind Conditions Today's Forecast Highs Tonight's Forecast Lows 24 Hr Surface Forecast
Syngenta GreenCast Soil Temperature Maps. Certain insects, weeds and diseases thrive in certain soil temperatures. Having updated information about your local soil temperature and the pests common to your area can help you prevent and treat for optimal turfgrass quality. Visit GreenCast Soil Temperature Maps.. Battle creek school closings
Contact. Phone: 765-494-6574 Email: [email protected] Hours: M-F, 8 AM to 5 PM Eastern Midwestern Regional Climate Center 915 West State Street West Lafayette, IN 47907 Facebook Twitter6" Soil Temperatures under Soybean Residue (Soil temperature data will be updated by 9:00 AM on weekdays and 11:00 AM on weekends.) 6" Soil Temperatures under Soybean Residue for May 12, 2024: Hour (CST) Monroe Co. Monroe City: Audrain Co. Vandalia: Morgan Co. Versailles: Boone Co. Columbia: Knox Co. Novelty: Lafayette Co. Alma:When planting seeds or seedlings in your yard or garden, the temperature of the soil must be within the recommended range for the plant to grow. While the air may feel warm, the soil can still be cold from the winter. To measure the temperature of the soil, use an instant-read thermometer made for cooking. Push the thermometer’s probe as deep ...The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is the standard by which gardeners and growers can determine which perennial plants are most likely to thrive at a location. The map is based on the average annual extreme minimum winter temperature, displayed as 10-degree F zones and 5-degree F half zones. A broadband internet connection is recommended for the ...Soil temperatures, taken at 4 inches below bare soil, are reported daily in CropWatch in both maps and in a table for multiple locations in Nebraska. The Climate Prediction Center daily (1200 - 1200 UTC) soil temperature reports are from approximately 50 stations across southern and mid western tier of the US in near real time (within 12 hours). Southwest Soil Temperatures: Southcentral Soil Temperatures: Southeast Soil Temperatures: DTN Weather: Local Weather Radar County Forecast State Forecast DTN Weather Commentary US Satellite Current Surface Analysis Wind Conditions Today's Forecast Highs Tonight's Forecast Lows 24 Hr Surface Forecast 2-inch Soil Temperatures (Soil temperature data will be updated by 9:00 AM on weekdays and 11:00 AM on weekends.) 2-inch Soil Temperatures for May 12, 2024. Station. County. Bare Soil. Corn. Twelve weather stations offer real time soil temperatures. Check the numbered station nearest your fields and bookmark the station. Syngenta GreenCast also offers broad regional soil temperature maps, with a 5-day soil prediction forecast feature, or you can put in your town and zip code for a local average (see figure 1). This is useful data ...The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is the standard by which gardeners and growers can determine which perennial plants are most likely to thrive at a location. The map is based on the average annual extreme minimum winter temperature, displayed as 10-degree F zones and 5-degree F half zones. A broadband internet connection is recommended for the ...Weather. Soil Temperature. Current Soil Temperature. 2-inch Soil Temperature. 4-inch Soil Temperature. 4-inch Bare Soil Temperature. 10-inch Soil Temperature. 24-inch …5 days ago · Soil Temperatures. Hover over a thumbnail to change the large map. or click to view at full-size. Northwest Soil Temperatures. Northcentral Soil Temperatures. Northeast Soil Temperatures. Southwest Soil Temperatures. Here are the 3 ways to use the map, use whichever method you prefer: Enter your ZIP code in the search bar and click enter. Press the “Use My Location” button. Allow the tool to use GPS to determine your location, then the map will show your planting zone. Use your mouse or touchscreen to drag and zoom the map and find your location, then ... Aug 27, 2018 · Syngenta GreenCast Soil Temperature Maps. Certain insects, weeds and diseases thrive in certain soil temperatures. Having updated information about your local soil temperature and the pests common to your area can help you prevent and treat for optimal turfgrass quality. Visit GreenCast Soil Temperature Maps. The Six-Inch Soil Temperature Network is part of meeting that responsibility. It is a cooperative effort between the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and the MDA. All of the current Six-Inch Soil Temperature Network sites are co-located at DNR cooperative stream gauging sites. MDA soil temperature measuring probes are …The MDA Six-Inch Soil Temperature Network provides real time soil temperatures at locations across the state and is maintained by the MDA. The network was established to assist in following best management practices (BMPs) for fall nitrogen fertilizer application which refer to a soil temperature at a six-inch depth (6 inch soil temp). In areas ...Finding the right internet provider can be a daunting task. With so many options available, it can be difficult to know which one is best for you. Fortunately, there is an easy way...IEM :: ISU Soil Moisture County Temperature Estimates. ISU Soil Moisture Network. County 4 inch Soil Temperature Maps. This page presents daily soil temperature analysis maps. The left hand column plots combine ISU Soil Moisture Network observations and bias corrected NWS NAM forecast model analyses to produce a higher resolution plot.The Soil Temperature Climatology Tool is a product created by the Midwestern Regional Climate Center (MRCC) in collaboration with the USDA Midwest Climate Hub to provide information about the climatology of the dates on which soil temperatures cross various thresholds. The tool provides historical 4” soil temperature statistics based on the …Feb 13, 2024 · Soil temperature influences the availability and uptake of essential nutrients by plant roots. Optimal soil temperature fosters the microbial activity necessary for nutrient mineralization and the release of vital elements. This, in turn, supports healthy nutrient uptake by plants, contributing to their overall vigor and productivity. 4. .